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AuthorTitleYearJournal/ProceedingsReftypeDOI/URL
Gu, H., Plumlee, M.H., Boyd, M., Hwang, M. and Lozier, J.C. Operational optimization of closed-circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) pilot to recover concentrate at an advanced water purification facility for potable reuse 2021 Desalination
Vol. 518, pp. 115300 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gu2021,
  author = {Han Gu and Megan H. Plumlee and Michael Boyd and Michael Hwang and James C. Lozier},
  title = {Operational optimization of closed-circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) pilot to recover concentrate at an advanced water purification facility for potable reuse},
  journal = {Desalination},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {518},
  pages = {115300},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115300}
}
Warsinger, D.M., Tow, E.W., Maswadeh, L.A., Connors, G.B., Swaminathan, J. and John H. Lienhard, V Inorganic fouling mitigation by salinity cycling in batch reverse osmosis 2018 Water Research
Vol. 137, pp. 384-394 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Warsinger2018,
  author = {David M. Warsinger and Emily W. Tow and Laith A. Maswadeh and Grace B. Connors and Jaichander Swaminathan and John H. Lienhard V},
  title = {Inorganic fouling mitigation by salinity cycling in batch reverse osmosis},
  journal = {Water Research},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {137},
  pages = {384--394},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.060}
}
Sutariya, B. and Raval, H. Analytical study of optimum operating conditions in semi-batch closed-circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) 2021 Separation and Purification Technology
Vol. 264, pp. 118421 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Sutariya2021,
  author = {Bhaumik Sutariya and Hiren Raval},
  title = {Analytical study of optimum operating conditions in semi-batch closed-circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO)},
  journal = {Separation and Purification Technology},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {264},
  pages = {118421},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118421}
}
Deepti, Bora, U. and Purkait, M. Promising integrated technique for the treatment of highly saline nanofiltration rejected stream of steel industry 2021 Journal of Environmental Management
Vol. 300, pp. 113781 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Deepti2021,
  author = {Deepti and U. Bora and M.K. Purkait},
  title = {Promising integrated technique for the treatment of highly saline nanofiltration rejected stream of steel industry},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {300},
  pages = {113781},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113781}
}
Warsinger, D.M., Tow, E.W., Nayar, K.G., Maswadeh, L.A. and John H. Lienhard, V Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination 2016 Water Research
Vol. 106, pp. 272-282 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Warsinger2016,
  author = {David M. Warsinger and Emily W. Tow and Kishor G. Nayar and Laith A. Maswadeh and John H. Lienhard V},
  title = {Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination},
  journal = {Water Research},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {106},
  pages = {272--282},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029}
}
Beithou, N. Non-Conventional Water Resources: Review and Developments 2020 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Applied Science Private University  article  
BibTeX:
@article{Beithou2020,
  author = {N. Beithou},
  title = {Non-Conventional Water Resources: Review and Developments},
  journal = {Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Applied Science Private University},
  year = {2020}
}
UN-Water Analytical Brief on Unconventional Water Resources 2020 United Nations  article  
BibTeX:
@article{UNWater2020,
  author = {UN-Water},
  title = {Analytical Brief on Unconventional Water Resources},
  journal = {United Nations},
  year = {2020}
}
Sharqawy, M.H., Zubair, S. and Lienhard, J.H. Second law analysis of reverse osmosis desalination plants: An alternative design using pressure retarded osmosis 2011 Energy, 36 (11):6617–6626  article  
BibTeX:
@article{Sharqawy2011,
  author = {M. H. Sharqawy and S.M. Zubair and J. H. Lienhard},
  title = {Second law analysis of reverse osmosis desalination plants: An alternative design using pressure retarded osmosis},
  journal = {Energy, 36 (11):6617–6626},
  year = {2011}
}
Futterlieb, M. and Panglisch, S. CCRO als innovative Betriebsweise der Umkehrosmose 2020 Wasserwirtschaft Wassertechnik, 2020 (6): 27-29  article  
BibTeX:
@article{Futterlieb2020,
  author = {M. Futterlieb and S. Panglisch},
  title = {CCRO als innovative Betriebsweise der Umkehrosmose},
  journal = {Wasserwirtschaft Wassertechnik, 2020 (6): 27-29},
  year = {2020}
}
Selvinsimpson, S. and Chen, Y. Alternative sources of urban water supply and application of emerging materials in water treatment 2022 Urban Water Crisis and Management - Strategies for Sustainable Development, pp. 381-396  incollection DOI  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Selvinsimpson2022,
  author = {Steplinpaulselvin Selvinsimpson and Yong Chen},
  title = {Alternative sources of urban water supply and application of emerging materials in water treatment},
  booktitle = {Urban Water Crisis and Management - Strategies for Sustainable Development},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year = {2022},
  pages = {381--396},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-91838-1.00025-7}
}
Liu, S., Gikas, P. and Papageorgiou, L.G. A two-step optimisation approach for integrated water resources management 2012 Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, pp. 96-100  incollection DOI  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Liu2012,
  author = {Songsong Liu and Petros Gikas and Lazaros G. Papageorgiou},
  title = {A two-step optimisation approach for integrated water resources management},
  booktitle = {Computer Aided Chemical Engineering},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {96--100},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-59519-5.50020-4}
}
SALGOT, M. and TAPIAS, J. Non-conventional water resources in coastal areas:a review on the use of reclaimed water 2004 Geologica Acta, Vol.2, Nº2, 2004, 121-133  article  
BibTeX:
@article{SALGOT2004,
  author = {M. SALGOT and J.C. TAPIAS},
  title = {Non-conventional water resources in coastal areas:a review on the use of reclaimed water},
  journal = {Geologica Acta, Vol.2, Nº2, 2004, 121-133},
  year = {2004}
}
Murad, A.A. An Overview of Conventional and Non-Conventional Water Resources in Arid Region: Assessment and Constrains of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) 2010 Journal of Water Resource and Protection
Vol. 02(02), pp. 181-190 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Murad2010,
  author = {Ahmed A. Murad},
  title = {An Overview of Conventional and Non-Conventional Water Resources in Arid Region: Assessment and Constrains of the United Arab Emirates (UAE)},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resource and Protection},
  publisher = {Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {02},
  number = {02},
  pages = {181--190},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2010.22020}
}
Fries, E., Mahjoub, O., Mahjoub, B., Berrehouc, A., Lions, J. and Bahadir, M. OCCURRENCE OF CONTAMINANTS OF EMERGING CONCERN (CEC) IN CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL WATER RESOURCES IN TUNISIA 2018 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, Volume 25 – No. 9/2016, pages 3317-3339  article  
BibTeX:
@article{Fries2018,
  author = {Fries, Elke and Mahjoub, Olfa and Mahjoub, Borhane and Berrehouc, Anne and Lions, Julie and Bahadir, Mufit},
  title = {OCCURRENCE OF CONTAMINANTS OF EMERGING CONCERN (CEC) IN CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL WATER RESOURCES IN TUNISIA},
  journal = {Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, Volume 25 – No. 9/2016, pages 3317-3339},
  year = {2018}
}
Rossi, G. and Benedini, M. Water Resources of Italy 2020   book DOI  
BibTeX:
@book{Rossi2020,
  author = {Giuseppe Rossi and Marcello Benedini},
  title = {Water Resources of Italy},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36460-1}
}
Tomaszkiewicz, M., Najm, M.A., Beysens, D., Alameddine, I. and El-Fadel, M. Dew as a sustainable non-conventional water resource: a critical review 2015 Environmental Reviews
Vol. 23(4), pp. 425-442 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Tomaszkiewicz2015,
  author = {Marlene Tomaszkiewicz and Majdi Abou Najm and Daniel Beysens and Ibrahim Alameddine and Mutasem El-Fadel},
  title = {Dew as a sustainable non-conventional water resource: a critical review},
  journal = {Environmental Reviews},
  publisher = {Canadian Science Publishing},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {23},
  number = {4},
  pages = {425--442},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0035}
}
Salcedo, F.P., Cutillas, P.P., Aziz, F., Escabias, M.L., Boesveld, H., Bartholomeus, H. and Tallou, A. Soil Salinity Prediction Using Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems under Semi-Arid Environments Irrigated with Salty Non-Conventional Water Resources 2022 Agronomy
Vol. 12(9), pp. 2022 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Salcedo2022,
  author = {Francisco Pedrero Salcedo and Pedro Pérez Cutillas and Faissal Aziz and Marina Llobet Escabias and Harm Boesveld and Harm Bartholomeus and Anas Tallou},
  title = {Soil Salinity Prediction Using Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems under Semi-Arid Environments Irrigated with Salty Non-Conventional Water Resources},
  journal = {Agronomy},
  publisher = {MDPI AG},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {12},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2022},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092022}
}
Abdelzaher, M.A. and Awad, M.M. Sustainable Development Goals for the Circular Economy and the Water-Food Nexus: Full Implementation of New Drip Irrigation Technologies in Upper Egypt 2022 Sustainability
Vol. 14(21), pp. 13883 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Abdelzaher2022,
  author = {M. A. Abdelzaher and Mohamed M. Awad},
  title = {Sustainable Development Goals for the Circular Economy and the Water-Food Nexus: Full Implementation of New Drip Irrigation Technologies in Upper Egypt},
  journal = {Sustainability},
  publisher = {MDPI AG},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {14},
  number = {21},
  pages = {13883},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113883}
}
Morote, Á.-F., Olcina, J. and Hernández, M. The Use of Non-Conventional Water Resources as a Means of Adaptation to Drought and Climate Change in Semi-Arid Regions: South-Eastern Spain 2019 Water
Vol. 11(1), pp. 93 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Morote2019,
  author = {Álvaro-Francisco Morote and Jorge Olcina and Mar\ia Hernández},
  title = {The Use of Non-Conventional Water Resources as a Means of Adaptation to Drought and Climate Change in Semi-Arid Regions: South-Eastern Spain},
  journal = {Water},
  publisher = {MDPI AG},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {93},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010093}
}
Khan, Z.I., Hussain, M.I., Zafar, A., Ahmad, K., Ashraf, M.A., Ahmed, M., ALrashidi, A.A., ALHaithloul, H.A.S., Alghanem, S.M., Khan, M.I., Hamid, Y. and Hussain, H. Ecological risk assessment and bioaccumulation of trace element, copper, in wheat varieties irrigated with non-conventional water resources in a semi-arid tropics 2022 Agricultural Water Management
Vol. 269, pp. 107711 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Khan2022,
  author = {Zafar Iqbal Khan and M. Iftikhar Hussain and Asma Zafar and Kafeel Ahmad and Muhammad Arslan Ashraf and Mukhtar Ahmed and Ayshah Aysh ALrashidi and Haifa Abdulaziz Sakit ALHaithloul and Suliman Mohammed Alghanem and Muhammad Imran Khan and Yasir Hamid and Hidayat Hussain},
  title = {Ecological risk assessment and bioaccumulation of trace element, copper, in wheat varieties irrigated with non-conventional water resources in a semi-arid tropics},
  journal = {Agricultural Water Management},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {269},
  pages = {107711},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107711}
}
Li, J., Song, S., Ayantobo, O.O., Wang, H., Jiaping, L. and Zhang, B. Coordinated allocation of conventional and unconventional water resources considering uncertainty and different stakeholders 2022 Journal of Hydrology
Vol. 605, pp. 127293 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Li2022,
  author = {Jun Li and Songbai Song and Olusola O. Ayantobo and Hejia Wang and Liang Jiaping and Binglin Zhang},
  title = {Coordinated allocation of conventional and unconventional water resources considering uncertainty and different stakeholders},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {605},
  pages = {127293},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127293}
}
Mendoza, I.C., Luna, E.O., Pozo, M.D., Vásquez, M.V., Montoya, D.C., Moran, G.C., Romero, L.G., Yépez, X., Salazar, R., Romero-Peña, M. and León, J.C. Conventional and non-conventional disinfection methods to prevent microbial contamination in minimally processed fruits and vegetables 2022 LWT
Vol. 165, pp. 113714 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mendoza2022,
  author = {Iana Cruz Mendoza and Esther Ortiz Luna and Mar\ia Dreher Pozo and Mirian Villavicencio Vásquez and Diana Coello Montoya and Galo Chuchuca Moran and Luis Galarza Romero and Ximena Yépez and Rómulo Salazar and Mar\ia Romero-Peña and Jonathan Coronel León},
  title = {Conventional and non-conventional disinfection methods to prevent microbial contamination in minimally processed fruits and vegetables},
  journal = {LWT},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {165},
  pages = {113714},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113714}
}
Nair, A.V. and Gude, V.G. Desalination and sustainability 2022 Water and Climate Change, pp. 197-213  incollection DOI  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Nair2022,
  author = {Anju Vijayan Nair and Veera Gnaneswar Gude},
  title = {Desalination and sustainability},
  booktitle = {Water and Climate Change},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year = {2022},
  pages = {197--213},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-99875-8.00001-x}
}
Sohani, A., Ricart, S., Omidinasab, H., Sadooghi, A., Yagli, H. and Panchal, H. Agriculture risks of pollutants in water and their benefits after purification 2022 Sustainable Materials for Sensing and Remediation of Noxious Pollutants, pp. 39-46  incollection DOI  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Sohani2022,
  author = {Ali Sohani and Sandra Ricart and Hadi Omidinasab and Ala Sadooghi and Hüseyin Yagli and Hitesh Panchal},
  title = {Agriculture risks of pollutants in water and their benefits after purification},
  booktitle = {Sustainable Materials for Sensing and Remediation of Noxious Pollutants},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year = {2022},
  pages = {39--46},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-99425-5.00009-8}
}
Mannina, G., Gulhan, H. and Ni, B.-J. Water reuse from wastewater treatment: The transition towards circular economy in the water sector 2022 Bioresource Technology
Vol. 363, pp. 127951 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mannina2022,
  author = {Giorgio Mannina and Hazal Gulhan and Bing-Jie Ni},
  title = {Water reuse from wastewater treatment: The transition towards circular economy in the water sector},
  journal = {Bioresource Technology},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {363},
  pages = {127951},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127951}
}
Davand, H., Sepehr, E., Momtaz, H.R. and Ahmadi, F. Wastewater irrigation: An opportunity for improving soil phosphorus availabilitymathsemicolon PHREEQC modeling and adsorption studies 2022 Science of The Total Environment
Vol. 851, pp. 158180 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Davand2022,
  author = {Hiva Davand and Ebrahim Sepehr and Hamid Reza Momtaz and Fatemeh Ahmadi},
  title = {Wastewater irrigation: An opportunity for improving soil phosphorus availabilitymathsemicolon PHREEQC modeling and adsorption studies},
  journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {851},
  pages = {158180},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158180}
}
Panhwar, A., Faryal, K., Kandhro, A., Bhutto, S., Rashid, U., Jalbani, N., Sultana, R., Solangi, A., Ahmed, M., Qaisar, S., Solangi, Z., Gorar, M. and Sargani, E. Utilization of treated industrial wastewater and accumulation of heavy metals in soil and okra vegetable 2022 Environmental Challenges
Vol. 6, pp. 100447 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Panhwar2022,
  author = {Aijaz Panhwar and Khalida Faryal and Aftab Kandhro and Shahid Bhutto and Uzma Rashid and Nusrat Jalbani and Razia Sultana and Aijaz Solangi and Mehtab Ahmed and Sofia Qaisar and Zain Solangi and Mudasir Gorar and Eidan Sargani},
  title = {Utilization of treated industrial wastewater and accumulation of heavy metals in soil and okra vegetable},
  journal = {Environmental Challenges},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {100447},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2022.100447}
}
Bosela, R., Eissa, M., –Stash, O.S., Ali, M.E., Shawky, H.A. and Soliman, E.A. Potential aquifer mapping for cost-effective groundwater reverse osmosis desalination in arid regions using integration of hydrochemistry, environmental isotopes and GIS techniques 2022 Groundwater for Sustainable Development
Vol. 19, pp. 100853 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bosela2022,
  author = {Reham Bosela and Mustafa Eissa and Orfan Shouakar –Stash and Mohamed E.A. Ali and Hosam A. Shawky and Elsayed A. Soliman},
  title = {Potential aquifer mapping for cost-effective groundwater reverse osmosis desalination in arid regions using integration of hydrochemistry, environmental isotopes and GIS techniques},
  journal = {Groundwater for Sustainable Development},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {100853},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100853}
}
Khairy, S., Shaban, M., Negm, A., Eldeen, O. and Ramadan, E.M. Drainage water reuse strategies: Case of El-Bats drain, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt 2022 Ain Shams Engineering Journal
Vol. 13(5), pp. 101681 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Khairy2022,
  author = {S. Khairy and M. Shaban and A.M. Negm and O.W. Eldeen and Elsayed M. Ramadan},
  title = {Drainage water reuse strategies: Case of El-Bats drain, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt},
  journal = {Ain Shams Engineering Journal},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {13},
  number = {5},
  pages = {101681},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.101681}
}
Karimidastenaei, Z., Avellán, T., Sadegh, M., Kløve, B. and Haghighi, A.T. Unconventional water resources: Global opportunities and challenges 2022 Science of The Total Environment
Vol. 827, pp. 154429 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Karimidastenaei2022,
  author = {Zahra Karimidastenaei and Tamara Avellán and Mojtaba Sadegh and Bjørn Kløve and Ali Torabi Haghighi},
  title = {Unconventional water resources: Global opportunities and challenges},
  journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {827},
  pages = {154429},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154429}
}
Yazdandoost, F., Noruzi, M.M. and Yazdani, S.A. Sustainability assessment approaches based on water-energy Nexus: Fictions and nonfictions about non-conventional water resources 2021 Science of The Total Environment
Vol. 758, pp. 143703 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Yazdandoost2021,
  author = {Farhad Yazdandoost and Mohammad Masud Noruzi and Seyyed Ali Yazdani},
  title = {Sustainability assessment approaches based on water-energy Nexus: Fictions and nonfictions about non-conventional water resources},
  journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {758},
  pages = {143703},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143703}
}
Batisha, A.F. Greywater in Egypt: the sustainable future of non-conventional water resources 2020 Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Vol. 27(28), pp. 35428-35438 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Egypt is a country with limited water resources. Egypt water needs are growing rapidly as a result of the population increase, climate change and development activities. The aim of the study is to analyse how Egypt can sustain its mega urban projects by utilizing greywater as a non-conventional water resource. A quantitative-based assessment has been conducted to investigate the overall evaluation of the greywater resources in Egypt. Greywater accounts for between 40 and 80% of the total water discharged from the house, and the total use of water for drinking and health use can be estimated at 10.4 billion cubic meters per year. The results show that the greywater resources may support a sustainable future of non-conventional water resources in a very positive way. Greywater can provide Egypt with about 4.15–8.30 billion cubic meters annually, which is a good support for water resources in Egypt. The paper concluded that greywater is an important resource to facilitate the success of the new mega urban projects. Egypt should maximize the share of greywater resources, especially in its new mega urban projects. Greywater resources can support Egypt and other arid and semiarid regions and countries in transition to a sustainable future.
BibTeX:
@article{Batisha2020,
  author = {Batisha, Ayman F.},
  title = {Greywater in Egypt: the sustainable future of non-conventional water resources},
  journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {27},
  number = {28},
  pages = {35428--35438},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09821-x},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09821-x}
}
Ricart, S., Villar-Navascués, R.A., Hernández-Hernández, M., Rico-Amorós, A.M., Olcina-Cantos, J. and Moltó-Mantero, E. Extending Natural Limits to Address Water Scarcity? The Role of Non-Conventional Water Fluxes in Climate Change Adaptation Capacity: A Review 2021 Sustainability
Vol. 13(5), pp. 2473 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Water consumption continues to grow globally, and it is estimated that more than 160% of the total global water volume will be needed to satisfy the water requirements in ten years. In this context, non-conventional water resources are being considered to overcome water scarcity and reduce water conflicts between regions and sectors. A bibliometric analysis and literature review of 81 papers published between 2000 and 2020 focused on south-east Spain were conducted. The aim was to examine and re-think the benefits and concerns, and the inter-connections, of using reclaimed and desalinated water for agricultural and urban-tourist uses to address water scarcity and climate change impacts. Results highlight that: (1) water use, cost, quality, management, and perception are the main topics debated by both reclaimed and desalinated water users; (2) water governance schemes could be improved by including local stakeholders and water users in decision-making; and (3) rainwater is not recognized as a complementary option to increase water supply in semi-arid regions. Furthermore, the strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–threats (SWOT) analysis identifies complementary concerns such as acceptability and investment in reclaimed water, regulation (cost recovery principle), and environmental impacts of desalinated water.
BibTeX:
@article{Ricart2021,
  author = {Ricart, Sandra and Villar-Navascués, Rubén A. and Hernández-Hernández, Maria and Rico-Amorós, Antonio M. and Olcina-Cantos, Jorge and Moltó-Mantero, Enrique},
  title = {Extending Natural Limits to Address Water Scarcity? The Role of Non-Conventional Water Fluxes in Climate Change Adaptation Capacity: A Review},
  journal = {Sustainability},
  publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {13},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2473},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/5/2473},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052473}
}
Rossi, G. and Cirelli, G.L. Assessment of Non-conventional Water Resources 2020 , pp. 125-141  incollection DOI URL 
Abstract: In Italy, the non-conventional water resources represent a small percentage of the natural freshwater. On the basis of the limited available information, this chapter describes at first the development of the use of desalinated water. In a first stage, this has been achieved in industrial factories through two-purpose plants aimed at producing electric energy and desalinated water. Later, most of recent desalination plants have been built either to solve significant water shortages occurred during severe droughts in Southern Italian regions or to integrate or replace the water supply guaranteed by shipping service for small islands, affected by a very high increase of tourism.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Rossi2020a,
  author = {Rossi, Giuseppe and Cirelli, Giuseppe Luigi},
  title = {Assessment of Non-conventional Water Resources},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {125--141},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36460-1_6},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36460-1_6}
}
Riaz, F., Riaz, M., Arif, M.S., Yasmeen, T., Ashraf, M.A., Adil, M., Ali, S., Mahmood, R., Rizwan, M., Hussain, Q., Zia, A., Ali, M.A., Arif, M. and Fahad, S. Alternative and Non-conventional Soil and Crop Management Strategies for Increasing Water Use Efficiency 2020 , pp. 323-338  incollection DOI URL 
Abstract: Agricultural production is pivotal for sustainable supply of food, fiber and shelter. However, a complex plethora of biotic and abiotic factors coupled with climatic changes pose a major threat to sustainable crop production and global food security. Agriculture is the single major consumer of global fresh water resources, however, non-judicial use of fresh water and changes in the global hydrological cycle have put a significant pressure on fresh water resources from local to regional scales. There is an urgent need to devise both efficient as well as practical crop and soil management strategies to enhance water use efficiency (WUE) in agroecosystems. A combination of soil- and plant-based factors affect WUE in cropping systems. Depending upon the region, both conventional and modern tools are proposed and effectively being applied to increase WUE in various crops, especially in the regions under greater threat of fresh water deficiency for crops.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Riaz2020,
  author = {Riaz, Farah and Riaz, Muhammad and Arif, Muhammad Saleem and Yasmeen, Tahira and Ashraf, Muhammad Arslan and Adil, Maryam and Ali, Shafaqat and Mahmood, Rashid and Rizwan, Muhammad and Hussain, Qaiser and Zia, Afia and Ali, Muhammad Arif and Arif, Muhammad and Fahad, Shah},
  title = {Alternative and Non-conventional Soil and Crop Management Strategies for Increasing Water Use Efficiency},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {323--338},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49732-3_13},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49732-3_13}
}
Amali, A.A., Mersha, A.N., Nofal, E.R., Murray, K., Norouzi, S., Saboory, S., Salo, H., Chevuru, S.R., Sarai Tabrizi, M., Reddy, P.K., Abdullahi, A.O., Farahani, H., Kolhe, P., Dowlati Fard, R., Salik, A.W., Hussein, A.H., Najafi, H., Poormoghadam, M. and Adiaha, M. Non-conventional sources of agricultural water management: Insights from young professionals in the irrigation and drainage sector* 2021 Irrigation and Drainage
Vol. 70(3), pp. 524-540 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Distribution and availability of global resources is highly variable over time and heterogeneous in space. With the natural or conventional supply of these resources no longer meeting a growing demand, the need to promote resource efficiency is now being paralleled with innovative approaches to conserve resources within their use cycle. These ‘innovative approaches’ herewith referred to as non-conventional was the subject of a 10-weeks extensive discussion among Young Professionals (YPs) in the field of irrigation and drainage. The discussion aligns to a higher objective of breeding a generation of YPs with an open mindset and multi-disciplinary approach to the challenges in irrigation and drainage. Cutting across development corridors in the water sector, this review paper presents insights on non-conventional sources of agricultural water management (AWM) as viewed from the lenses of YPs. The discussions underscore the need for broad-based approaches to resource management, building on the premise that all forms of resources are linked to form a system that provides the most effective service when managed in an integrated fashion. Non-conventional requires divergent approaches and flexibility; underlining the invaluable capabilities YPs present in AWM. Besides highlighting these roles, insights provided by YPs suggests that feeding a growing population necessitates looking beyond system efficiency to multivariate approaches of resource optimisation and utilisation in the field of irrigation and drainage.
BibTeX:
@article{Amali2021,
  author = {Amali, Amali A. and Mersha, Adey N. and Nofal, Eman R. and Murray, Kathleen and Norouzi, Sahar and Saboory, Shoaib and Salo, Heidi and Chevuru, Sneha R. and Sarai Tabrizi, Mahdi and Reddy, Paavan K. and Abdullahi, Abdulrahman O. and Farahani, Hassan and Kolhe, Pravin and Dowlati Fard, Reza and Salik, Abdul W. and Hussein, Abdullahi H. and Najafi, Husain and Poormoghadam, Mojtaba and Adiaha, Monday},
  title = {Non-conventional sources of agricultural water management: Insights from young professionals in the irrigation and drainage sector*},
  journal = {Irrigation and Drainage},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {70},
  number = {3},
  pages = {524--540},
  url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ird.2495},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2495}
}
Awaad, H.A., Mansour, E., Akrami, M., Fath, H.E.S., Javadi, A.A. and Negm, A. Availability and Feasibility of Water Desalination as a Non-Conventional Resource for Agricultural Irrigation in the MENA Region: A Review 2020 Sustainability
Vol. 12(18), pp. 7592 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Many countries in the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa) are facing water scarcity, which poses a great challenge to agricultural production. Furthermore, water scarcity is projected to increase due to climate change, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The integration of solar power and water desalination systems in greenhouses to overcome water shortages is one of the preferred technologies in crop-growing areas. Crop growth control is done through sufficient management of environmental climatic variables as well as the quantity and quality of water and applied fertilisers with irrigation. Numerous crops such as cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, lettuces, strawberries, flowers, and herbs can be grown under greenhouse conditions using desalinated water. This paper displays the state of the art in (i) solar-driven saltwater desalination to irrigate crops, (ii) the feasibility of water desalination for agriculture in the MENA region, (iii) the economics and environmental impacts of the desalination process, (iv) the quality of desalinated water compared with other non-conventional water resources and (v) recommendations for the future in the MENA region.
BibTeX:
@article{Awaad2020,
  author = {Awaad, Hassan A. and Mansour, Elsayed and Akrami, Mohammad and Fath, Hassan E. S. and Javadi, Akbar A. and Negm, Abdelazim},
  title = {Availability and Feasibility of Water Desalination as a Non-Conventional Resource for Agricultural Irrigation in the MENA Region: A Review},
  journal = {Sustainability},
  publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {12},
  number = {18},
  pages = {7592},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/18/7592},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187592}
}
Khan, M.M., Al-Haddabi, M.H., Akram, M.T., Khan, M.A., Farooque, A.A. and Siddiqi, S.A. Assessment of Non-Conventional Irrigation Water in Greenhouse Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Production 2022 Sustainability
Vol. 14(1), pp. 257 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Climate change, urbanization and subsequent environmental changes are depleting freshwater resources around the globe. The reuse of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater is an alternative approach to freshwater that can be used for irrigation purposes. However, these wastewaters may contain hazardous and toxic elements, such as heavy metals that are hazardous for human health and the environment. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the concentration of macro, micro and heavy metals in cucumber irrigated with different resources (tap water, greywater, dairy water and wastewater). The results showed that the use of different irrigation resources has increased the level of macro (sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg)), microelements (zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn)), and heavy metals (copper (Cu), barium (Ba), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd)) in cucumber leaves and fruits. However, their levels were in the range that is safe for human health and the environment was as recommended by FAO maximum values of trace elements (Zn, 2.0; Fe 1.0; Mn, 0.2; Cu, 0.2; Pb, 5.0, and Cd, 0.01 mgL−1). Based on observations, it was also revealed that among different irrigation resources, the use of dairy water in cucumber improved its agronomic attributes and maximum plant yield (1191.02 g), while the different irrigation resources showed a non-significant impact on fruit diameter. However, total soluble solid contents (TSS) were more significant in cucumber fruits treated with wastewater (2.26 °brix) followed by dairy water (2.06 °brix), while the least TSS contents (1.57 °brix) were observed in cucumber plants treated with tap water. The significance of non-conventional irrigation water use in agriculture, particularly greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus) production, is discussed.
BibTeX:
@article{Khan2022a,
  author = {Khan, Muhammad Mumtaz and Al-Haddabi, Mansour Hamed and Akram, Muhammad Tahir and Khan, Muhammad Azam and Farooque, Aitazaz A. and Siddiqi, Sajjad Ahmad},
  title = {Assessment of Non-Conventional Irrigation Water in Greenhouse Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Production},
  journal = {Sustainability},
  publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {257},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/1/257},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010257}
}
Saurí, D. and Garcia, X. Non-conventional resources for the coming drought: the development of rainwater harvesting systems in a Mediterranean suburban area 2020 Water International
Vol. 45(2), pp. 125-141 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: The city of Sant Cugat del Vallès (Spain) has made mandatory the installation of rainwater harvesting systems in new housing units with large gardens but also has provided subsidies to households to build these systems on a voluntary basis. We conducted a survey of households in both groups (mandatory and voluntary) to explore the effectiveness of these different types of policies. We see many similarities between the two groups, especially concerning satisfaction with the systems, and with their perceived environmental and economic benefits. The main difference was the preferred size of rainwater tanks.
BibTeX:
@article{Sauri2020,
  author = {Saurí, David and Garcia, Xavier},
  title = {Non-conventional resources for the coming drought: the development of rainwater harvesting systems in a Mediterranean suburban area},
  journal = {Water International},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {45},
  number = {2},
  pages = {125--141},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2020.1725957},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2020.1725957}
}
Bakr, N. and Bahnassy, M.H. Egyptian Natural Resources 2019 , pp. 33-49  incollection DOI URL 
Abstract: Abstract: The Arab Republic of Egypt is the main northeastern entrance of Africa continent. The total area of Egypt territory is around one million square kilometer and occupied by approximately 95 million inhabitants who live on about 4% of this area. This chapter presents an overview of the land, water, and human resources in Egypt. Egypt land is geographically divided into five sections: Western Desert, Eastern Desert, Sinai Peninsula, Nile Valley, and Nile Delta. These sections involve 33 soil units in which sandy areas and loamy sand/sandy loam soils cover over 57% of their surface. Despite that, agriculture is the fundamental economic activity in Egypt. The Egyptian agricultural lands could be classified as Oldlands and Newlands. The Oldlands are assigned for the fertile and intensively cultivated lands in Nile Valley and Delta that have been farmed since ancient time till now, whereas the newly reclaimed areas that have been cultivated relatively recently or in the process of reclamation now are known as Newlands. The natural water resources in Egypt are inadequate since the primary water source is the annually fixed share of Nile River of 55.5 BCM that is utilized for almost all human activities despite the high growth rate of population. The Egyptian government adopts strategies to utilize the non-conventional water resources (mainly recycled agricultural drainage, shallow groundwater, and treated wastewater) in irrigation as the agricultural sector consumes 80–85% of available freshwater in Egypt. At the administrative level, Egypt involves 27 governorates in which New Valley governorate represented 42% of total Egypt’s area and occupied with only 0.25% of the Egypt total population. Conversely, the Great Cairo (involves Cairo, Giza, and Kalyoubia governorates) occupied by around 25% of the total population. Agricultural sector supports the livelihood to approximately two-thirds of the Egyptians and considers the primary source of income to about 60% of Egyptians.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Bakr2019,
  author = {Bakr, Noura and Bahnassy, Mohamed H.},
  title = {Egyptian Natural Resources},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {33--49},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95516-2_3},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95516-2_3}
}
Gado, T.A. and El-Agha, D.E. Feasibility of rainwater harvesting for sustainable water management in urban areas of Egypt 2020 Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Vol. 27(26), pp. 32304-32317 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Egypt’s limited water resources, rapid population growth, and climate change are increasing the gap between water demand and supply. Meanwhile, significant amounts of rain fall in some regions in Egypt during specific storm events, which in some cases, lead to disasters like flash floods and inundations. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) can be considered as a sustainable promising solution to water shortage and inundation problems. In this work, the feasibility of RWH for urban areas was assessed over 22 cities throughout Egypt. Results show that the annual volume of rainwater harvested can reach 142.5 MCM in the considered cities, provided that all rain falling on the urban areas is collected. High potential of rainfall harvesting was found for cities that located on the North Coast, e.g., the potential water saving from the share of RWH in Alexandria can satisfy around 12% of its future supplementary domestic water needs. In contrast, rainfall over the cities located on the middle and the south of the country is insignificant to be harvested. A case study for the 5th settlement region in Cairo was discussed in terms of groundwater recharge and surface runoff estimation for two conditions: No–RWH and RWH systems by implementing recharge wells to store rainwater into the aquifer. Land cover classification maps of urban areas were created by using the ARCGIS software to estimate equivalent infiltration coefficients. The results demonstrate that the implementation of such RWH system has a significant impact on the regional water cycle, where the effective infiltration coefficient increased from 10% (No–RWH) to 75% (RWH) in the case study. Accordingly, the runoff coefficient decreased in the case study from 0.8 (No–RWH) to 0.15 (RWH), and the volume of runoff decreased in the case of RWH by around 82% lower than that of the No–RWH condition. Thus, direct infiltration of RWH into an aquifer can play an important role in sound water management for urban environments, as this may lead to a significant reduction in risks of flooding and expenses of municipal drainage systems installation and operation.
BibTeX:
@article{Gado2020,
  author = {Gado, Tamer A. and El-Agha, Doaa E.},
  title = {Feasibility of rainwater harvesting for sustainable water management in urban areas of Egypt},
  journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {27},
  number = {26},
  pages = {32304--32317},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06529-5},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06529-5}
}
Ezzat, S.M. and Elkorashey, R.M. Wastewater as a Non-conventional Resource: Impact of Trace Metals and Bacteria on Soil, Plants, and Human Health 2020 Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal
Vol. 26(8), pp. 2245-2265 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: In many arid and semi-arid regions, farmers are often obligated to informally use raw wastewater for irrigating their crops. The impacts of wastewater irrigation on soil, crops, and human health were investigated, regarding trace metals and bacteria. Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn were detected in wastewater. Cr, Cu, and Zn accumulated in soil and crops in the order rocket textgreater clover textgreater cabbage. The Health Risk Index reported risk from Cr and Zn in rocket. Fecal coliforms in wastewater and crops were detected along with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The frequency (%) was 86.7% (cabbage), 66.7% (rocket), and 43.3% (clover). The multiple antibiotic resistance index (0.503) rendered crops high risk source for contamination. The comprehensive pollution index classified wastewater severely polluted (≥2.01). Conclusions deduced crops alternative reservoirs for trace metals and human pathogens. Recommendations included implementation of low cost treatment methods, holding irrigation 5–15 days before harvest, assuming citric and acetic acids reducing solutions for trace metals, and suggested ofloxacin, amoxycillin/clavulanate, and amikacin antibiotics against reported bacteria.
BibTeX:
@article{Ezzat2020,
  author = {Ezzat, Safaa M. and Elkorashey, Reham M.},
  title = {Wastewater as a Non-conventional Resource: Impact of Trace Metals and Bacteria on Soil, Plants, and Human Health},
  journal = {Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal},
  publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {26},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2245--2265},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1671167},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1671167}
}
Hussain, M.I., Muscolo, A., Farooq, M. and Ahmad, W. Sustainable use and management of non-conventional water resources for rehabilitation of marginal lands in arid and semiarid environments 2019 Agricultural Water Management
Vol. 221, pp. 462-476 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Land and water are the most basic resources for the food production systems. However, the looming water scarcity is threatening the sustainability of food production systems and is causing the food security challenges. Crop production on marginal and degraded lands using non-conventional water resources may help achieve the food security for the future generations. Non-conventional water resources (NCW), viz. saline water, wastewater and greywater, can be used for food production systems after proper treatment for the rehabilitation of marginal and degraded lands. In this review, experiences and perspectives of use of NCW in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are discussed. The availability of NCW, their quantity and potential utilization in agriculture, landscaping, and forestry have been highlighted. Apart from Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Qatar and Jordan, wastewater treatment facilities are limited in the MENA region. However, consumption is increasing due to population increase. The changes in soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics, with the use of untreated wastewater, are also elaborated. The pragmatic strategies for NCW treatments including desalination, wastewater treatment, reuse of agricultural drainage water, groundwater extraction and rainwater collection have also been described. Here we reviewed that, (i) Legislation should be done to encourage farmers to use NCW and to grow crop species (safflower, sorghum, millet, carrots, radish, cucumber, tomatoes, eggplant, lettuce) which accumulate relatively very low amounts of metals in their edible parts, especially in pre-urban areas. (ii) Water treatment technologies should be advocated and implemented for the use of NCW. (iii) The NCW reuse should be promoted as an integral component in every country's national development strategic plan. Safe reuse of NCW has great potential, however, that can be effectively used through wise resource planning, and environmental management and financing arrangements.
BibTeX:
@article{Hussain2019a,
  author = {Hussain, M. Iftikhar and Muscolo, Adele and Farooq, Muhammad and Ahmad, Waqar},
  title = {Sustainable use and management of non-conventional water resources for rehabilitation of marginal lands in arid and semiarid environments},
  journal = {Agricultural Water Management},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {221},
  pages = {462--476},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377419304044},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.04.014}
}
Omran, E.-S.E. Cloud-Based Non-conventional Land and Water Resources for Sustainable Development in Sinai Peninsula, Egypt 2019 , pp. 339-374  incollection DOI URL 
Abstract: Egypt will face water scarcity, a problem that can be partially alleviated using the non-conventional water resources. With limited freshwater, tapping into non-conventional land and water resources has become a necessity for the Sinai. First, this chapter presents the state of the art of non-conventional water resource management techniques, which includes drainage water and wastewater reuse, desalination of brackish and saline water, fossil or Paleolakes water, and water harvesting. The combined effects of increasing demand for water for irrigation and the difficulties facing the disposal of waste sewage and agricultural drainage water suggest that technological innovation and adaptation are relevant for effective and environmentally sustainable reuse. Therefore, innovations are important to increase the efficiency of water use. Satellite remote sensing approaches, in conjunction with geographic information systems (GIS) have been widely used and have been recognized as an effective and powerful tool in monitoring and assessment of non-conventional water resources. Second, this chapter evaluates the status of non-conventional soil resources. The Sinai’s soils are classified into different classes including saline soil, gypsiferous soil, sandy soil, steep slope soil, skeletal soil, and shallow soil. If these soils are used for agricultural purpose, then it may cause some severe effects on the ecology and environment. Upon proper soil management and amendments with specific attention, they can be converted for cultivation soils. Finally, this chapter also proposes a smart-based land and water resources system based on the key technologies: Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and smart sensors. Environmental sensors have been used in applications as per the need to build smart water resources management. Combining the Cloud, IoT, and sensors is vital, so that the sensing data can be stored or processed. The proposed system consists of the sensor layer, the transmission layer, the Cloud services layer, and the application layer. The system is a collection of platforms and infrastructures on which data is stored and processed, allowing farmers to retrieve and upload their data for a specific application, at any location with Internet access. Finally, advantages and the possible limitations of the proposed system are discussed.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Omran2019,
  author = {Omran, El-Sayed Ewis},
  title = {Cloud-Based Non-conventional Land and Water Resources for Sustainable Development in Sinai Peninsula, Egypt},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {339--374},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_63},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_63}
}
Antonakopoulou, M., Toli, K., Constantianos, V. and Scoullos, M. The Non-Conventional Water Resources (NCWR) programme in north Mediterranean 2017 (building)  techreport  
Abstract: European Water 60: 387-394, 2017
BibTeX:
@techreport{Antonakopoulou2017,
  author = {M. Antonakopoulou and K. Toli and V. Constantianos and M. Scoullos},
  title = {The Non-Conventional Water Resources (NCWR) programme in north Mediterranean},
  year = {2017},
  number = {building}
}
Valdes-Abellan, J., Jiménez-Martínez, J., Candela, L., Jacques, D., Kohfahl, C. and Tamoh, K. Reactive transport modelling to infer changes in soil hydraulic properties induced by non-conventional water irrigation 2017 Journal of Hydrology
Vol. 549, pp. 114-124 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: The use of non-conventional water (e.g., treated wastewater, desalinated water) for different purposes is increasing in many water scarce regions of the world. Its use for irrigation may have potential drawbacks, because of mineral dissolution/precipitation processes, such as changes in soil physical and hydraulic properties (e.g., porosity, permeability), modifying infiltration and aquifer recharge processes or blocking root growth. Prediction of soil and groundwater impacts is essential for achieving sustainable agricultural practices. A numerical model to solve unsaturated water flow and non-isothermal multicomponent reactive transport has been modified implementing the spatio-temporal evolution of soil physical and hydraulic properties. A long-term process simulation (30years) of agricultural irrigation with desalinated water, based on a calibrated/validated 1D numerical model in a semi-arid region, is presented. Different scenarios conditioning reactive transport (i.e., rainwater irrigation, lack of gypsum in the soil profile, and lower partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2)) have also been considered. Results show that although boundary conditions and mineral soil composition highly influence the reactive processes, dissolution/precipitation of carbonate species is triggered mainly by pCO2, closely related to plant roots. Calcite dissolution occurs in the root zone, precipitation takes place under it and at the soil surface, which will lead a root growth blockage and a direct soil evaporation decrease, respectively. For the studied soil, a gypsum dissolution up to 40cm depth is expected at long-term, with a general increase of porosity and hydraulic conductivity.
BibTeX:
@article{ValdesAbellan2017,
  author = {Valdes-Abellan, Javier and Jiménez-Martínez, Joaquín and Candela, Lucila and Jacques, Diederik and Kohfahl, Claus and Tamoh, Karim},
  title = {Reactive transport modelling to infer changes in soil hydraulic properties induced by non-conventional water irrigation},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {549},
  pages = {114--124},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002216941730207X},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.061}
}
Smith, K., Liu, S., Hu, H.-Y., Dong, X. and Wen, X. Water and energy recovery: The future of wastewater in China 2018 Science of The Total Environment
Vol. 637-638, pp. 1466-1470 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: China is increasing its use of non-conventional water sources – seawater desalination, surface water transfer and wastewater reuse – to meet demand. Getting and treating water from these sources generally requires more energy than is needed for local freshwater sources. This increases the cost and greenhouse gas emissions associated with water supply. It also leads us to the question: are alternative water sources necessary and, if so, which source should be preferred? Here we argue that reclaiming and reusing wastewater is often the least energy-intensive alternative source for water-scarce areas of China, particularly when energy present in wastewater is recovered during the process.
BibTeX:
@article{Smith2018,
  author = {Smith, Kate and Liu, Shuming and Hu, Hong-Ying and Dong, Xin and Wen, Xianghua},
  title = {Water and energy recovery: The future of wastewater in China},
  journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {637-638},
  pages = {1466--1470},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718317650},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.124}
}
Navarro, T. Water reuse and desalination in Spain – challenges and opportunities 2018 Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
Vol. 8(2), pp. 153-168 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Navarro2018,
  author = {Teresa Navarro},
  title = {Water reuse and desalination in Spain – challenges and opportunities},
  journal = {Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination},
  publisher = {IWA Publishing},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {153--168},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2018.043}
}
Djuma, H., Bruggeman, A., Eliades, M. and Lange, M. Non-conventional water resources research in semi-arid countries of the Middle East 2016 Desalination and Water Treatment
Vol. 57(5), pp. 2290-2303 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Rapid population growth, climate impediments, poor implementation of regulatory frameworks, and challenging political relations have led to over-exploitation of conventional water resources in the Middle East. This situation may have impelled out-of-the-box thinking and advances in research on non-conventional water resources including desalination, wastewater reuse, rainwater harvesting, and long-distance water transfer. This paper aims to assess the extent of research on non-conventional water resources in the Middle East, and identify original and innovative research findings. Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, the Palestinian Territories, Sudan, Syria, and Turkey were selected for this purpose. A systematic online library search of the scientific literature was conducted, and relations between national indicators and the number of articles and citations were assessed. There was an increasing trend in the number of articles addressing non-conventional water resources. Desalination was the most popular research topic (44%; 5.4 citations, on average), followed by wastewater reuse (37%; 11.5 citations, on average). Publication of desalination articles has increased significantly since 2001, with a substantial number authored by private companies. Non-conventional approaches include commercial salt production at a desalination plant, the strengthening of wastewater reuse standards based on the adverse effects of long-term reuse, the application of a water-harvesting plough for large-scale rangeland rehabilitation, and the development of a 78-km long under-sea pipeline for water transfer. Research on off-site effects and environmental impacts was lacking. Investment in research capacity, as an element of social capital, can contribute to water resources diversification and sustainable solutions both for water-stressed and more humid countries.
BibTeX:
@article{Djuma2016,
  author = {Djuma, H. and Bruggeman, A. and Eliades, M. and Lange, M.A.},
  title = {Non-conventional water resources research in semi-arid countries of the Middle East},
  journal = {Desalination and Water Treatment},
  publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {57},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2290--2303},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.984930},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.984930}
}
Tomaszkiewicz, M., Abou Najm, M., Zurayk, R. and El-Fadel, M. Dew as an adaptation measure to meet water demand in agriculture and reforestation 2017 Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
Vol. 232, pp. 411-421 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Non-conventional water resources have emerged as means to meet or supplement irrigation demand for reforestation and agriculture in water scarce regions. Dew water is among those resources that have received little attention. In this paper, we compare reforestation and agriculture water demands to measured dew volumes to assess the feasibility of irrigation from dew harvesting. We estimate water demands of selected crops and trees seedlings using evapotranspiration (ET)-based modelling, while corresponding dew volumes were experimentally measured during the dry season. Field data collected from dew condensers (1m2) showed that 43% of nights produced dew during the dry season (April–October) with average nightly dew yield of 0.13L m−2 of condensing surface and a maximum yield of 0.46Lm−2d−1. Experimental results showed that dew events are more frequent than precipitation events and harvested dew can significantly impact diurnal soil moisture (textgreater3%) during evenings with above average nightly dew yields (textgreater0.2Lm−2d−1). We demonstrate that harvesting and storing dew using reasonable condensing areas (∼2m2) can be sufficient to irrigate tree seedlings, typically requiring ∼4.5L/seedling every 30-40days, thus providing a feasible option mitigating tree mortality during droughts or in arid or semi-arid regions. Moreover, these low-cost stand-alone systems can prevail in remote locations where infrastructure and traditional water resources are limited.
BibTeX:
@article{Tomaszkiewicz2017,
  author = {Tomaszkiewicz, M. and Abou Najm, M. and Zurayk, R. and El-Fadel, M.},
  title = {Dew as an adaptation measure to meet water demand in agriculture and reforestation},
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {232},
  pages = {411--421},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192316303884},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.09.009}
}
Martínez-Alvarez, V., Martin-Gorriz, B. and Soto-García, M. Seawater desalination for crop irrigation — A review of current experiences and revealed key issues 2016 Desalination
Vol. 381, pp. 58-70 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Increasing water scarcity in arid and semiarid regions is driving the demand for non-conventional water resources in irrigated agriculture. Seawater desalination for sustaining agricultural production is being reported as an alternative water source in some Mediterranean countries. It represents an abundant and steady water source which effectively removes the climatological and hydrological constraints. However, first experiences are highlighting that certain important issues can become a barrier to its spread for crop irrigation. First, the high-energy requirement is still an essential feature of seawater desalination, leading to production costs several times higher than other agricultural water sources. Moreover, the high greenhouse gas emissions linked to the intensive use of energy could exacerbate climate change. Additionally, there are important agronomic concerns related to the lack of desalinated seawater quality standards; which can cause risks for both crop production and the soil environment if not properly managed. Specific quality regulations for desalinated seawater production, blending and management modelling, on-farm technical means and water and soil monitoring may mitigate these risks for crop irrigation. This paper reviews current irrigation experiences with desalinated seawater and analyses the most important questions to be considered, with a particular focus on the agronomical aspects.
BibTeX:
@article{MartinezAlvarez2016,
  author = {Martínez-Alvarez, V. and Martin-Gorriz, B. and Soto-García, M.},
  title = {Seawater desalination for crop irrigation — A review of current experiences and revealed key issues},
  journal = {Desalination},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {381},
  pages = {58--70},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001191641530134X},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.11.032}
}
Tahboub, A. Impact of Global Warming on Groundwater Water Resources of Jordan 2015 Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia
Vol. 12(3), pp. 2201-2207 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Tahboub2015,
  author = {Alaeddin Tahboub},
  title = {Impact of Global Warming on Groundwater Water Resources of Jordan},
  journal = {Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia},
  publisher = {Oriental Scientific Publishing Company},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {2201--2207},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/1892}
}
Chekir, N. and Hassen, D. Tunisian Geothermal Potential for Desalination 2022 Advances in Science, Technology &ampmathsemicolon Innovation, pp. 237-240  incollection DOI  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Chekir2022,
  author = {Nihel Chekir and Dhouha Hassen},
  title = {Tunisian Geothermal Potential for Desalination},
  booktitle = {Advances in Science, Technology &ampmathsemicolon Innovation},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  year = {2022},
  pages = {237--240},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00808-5_54}
}
Ennouhi, M., Aggadi, S.E., Ennouari, A., Hasnaoui, L. and Elhourch, A. Desalination process and perspectives in Morocco 2022 DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT
Vol. 257, pp. 110-116 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ennouhi2022,
  author = {Mariem Ennouhi and Sanaa El Aggadi and Adbelali Ennouari and Lahcen Hasnaoui and Abderahim Elhourch},
  title = {Desalination process and perspectives in Morocco},
  journal = {DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT},
  publisher = {Desalination Publications},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {257},
  pages = {110--116},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28543}
}
Li, Y., Thomas, E.R., Molina, M.H., Mann, S., Walker, W.S., Lind, M.L. and Perreault, F. Desalination by membrane pervaporation: A review 2023 Desalination
Vol. 547, pp. 116223 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Li2023,
  author = {Yusi Li and Elisabeth R. Thomas and Mariana Hernandez Molina and Stewart Mann and W. Shane Walker and Mary Laura Lind and François Perreault},
  title = {Desalination by membrane pervaporation: A review},
  journal = {Desalination},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {547},
  pages = {116223},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.116223}
}
Yousef, M.S. and Hassan, H. Solar desalination with energy storage 2023 Energy Storage for Multigeneration, pp. 221-249  incollection DOI  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Yousef2023,
  author = {Mohamed S. Yousef and Hamdy Hassan},
  title = {Solar desalination with energy storage},
  booktitle = {Energy Storage for Multigeneration},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year = {2023},
  pages = {221--249},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821920-1.00006-6}
}
Kapoor, V., Rufuss, D.D.W., Arulvel, S., Akinaga, T. and Davies, P. Nanoparticles-enhanced energy storage materials in solar thermal desalination 2023 Energy Storage for Multigeneration, pp. 197-220  incollection DOI  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Kapoor2023,
  author = {V. Kapoor and D. Dsilva Winfred Rufuss and S. Arulvel and Takeshi Akinaga and P.A. Davies},
  title = {Nanoparticles-enhanced energy storage materials in solar thermal desalination},
  booktitle = {Energy Storage for Multigeneration},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year = {2023},
  pages = {197--220},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821920-1.00005-4}
}
Bhagwati, A., Shah, M. and Prajapati, M. Emerging Technologies to Sustainability: A comprehensive Study on Solar Desalination for Sustainable Development 2023 Sustainable Manufacturing and Service Economics, pp. 100007  article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bhagwati2023,
  author = {Anang Bhagwati and Manan Shah and Mitul Prajapati},
  title = {Emerging Technologies to Sustainability: A comprehensive Study on Solar Desalination for Sustainable Development},
  journal = {Sustainable Manufacturing and Service Economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2023},
  pages = {100007},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smse.2022.100007}
}
HEKİMOĞLU, M., SAVUN-HEKİMOĞLU, B., ERBAY, B. and GAZİOĞLU, C. Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analysis for the Selection of Desalination Technologies 2022 International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics  article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{HEKIMOGLU2022,
  author = {Mustafa HEKİMOĞLU and Başak SAVUN-HEKİMOĞLU and Barbaros ERBAY and Cem GAZİOĞLU},
  title = {Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analysis for the Selection of Desalination Technologies},
  journal = {International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics},
  publisher = {International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1221898}
}
Nasrollahi, M., Motevali, A., Banakar, A. and Montazeri, M. Comparison of environmental impact on various desalination technologies 2023 Desalination
Vol. 547, pp. 116253 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Nasrollahi2023,
  author = {Mohsen Nasrollahi and Ali Motevali and Ahmad Banakar and Mehdi Montazeri},
  title = {Comparison of environmental impact on various desalination technologies},
  journal = {Desalination},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {547},
  pages = {116253},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.116253}
}
Charitar, D. and Madhlopa, A. Integration of waste heat in thermal desalination technologies: A review 2022 Journal of Energy in Southern Africa
Vol. 33(1), pp. 68-84 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Charitar2022,
  author = {Deepti Charitar and Amos Madhlopa},
  title = {Integration of waste heat in thermal desalination technologies: A review},
  journal = {Journal of Energy in Southern Africa},
  publisher = {Academy of Science of South Africa},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1},
  pages = {68--84},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i1a5434}
}
Shaikh, J.S. and Ismail, S. A review on recent technological advancements in humidification dehumidification (HDH) desalination 2022 Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
Vol. 10(6), pp. 108890 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Shaikh2022,
  author = {Javed Sikandar Shaikh and Saleel Ismail},
  title = {A review on recent technological advancements in humidification dehumidification (HDH) desalination},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {108890},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108890}
}
Elazhar, F., Elazhar, M., Filali, N.E., Belhamidi, S., Elmidaoui, A. and Taky, M. Potential of hybrid NF-RO system to enhance chloride removal and reduce membrane fouling during surface water desalination 2021 Separation and Purification Technology
Vol. 261, pp. 118299 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Elazhar2021,
  author = {Fatima Elazhar and Maryem Elazhar and Nawal El Filali and Sakina Belhamidi and Azzedine Elmidaoui and Mohamed Taky},
  title = {Potential of hybrid NF-RO system to enhance chloride removal and reduce membrane fouling during surface water desalination},
  journal = {Separation and Purification Technology},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {261},
  pages = {118299},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118299}
}
Hacıfazlıoğlu, M., Tomasini, H., Bertin, L., Pek, T. and Kabay, N. Concentrate reduction in NF and RO desalination systems by membrane-in-series configurations-evaluation of product water for reuse in irrigation 2019 Desalination
Vol. 466, pp. 89-96 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hacifazlioglu2019,
  author = {M.C. Hacıfazlıoğlu and H.R. Tomasini and L. Bertin and T.Ö. Pek and N. Kabay},
  title = {Concentrate reduction in NF and RO desalination systems by membrane-in-series configurations-evaluation of product water for reuse in irrigation},
  journal = {Desalination},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {466},
  pages = {89--96},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.05.011}
}
Pazouki, P., Sidhu, J., Ipe, D., Pype, M., Wohlsen, T., Helfer, F., Bertone, E. and Stewart, R. Seawater dilution desalination with hybrid FO-RO and UF-RO: Characterisation and assessment of pathogen removal efficacy 2022 Desalination
Vol. 525, pp. 115509 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pazouki2022,
  author = {P. Pazouki and J.P.S. Sidhu and D.S. Ipe and M.L. Pype and T.D. Wohlsen and F. Helfer and E. Bertone and R.A. Stewart},
  title = {Seawater dilution desalination with hybrid FO-RO and UF-RO: Characterisation and assessment of pathogen removal efficacy},
  journal = {Desalination},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {525},
  pages = {115509},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115509}
}
Shahrim, N.A., Abounahia, N.M., El-Sayed, A.M.A., Saleem, H. and Zaidi, S.J. An overview on the progress in produced water desalination by membrane-based technology 2023 Journal of Water Process Engineering
Vol. 51, pp. 103479 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Shahrim2023,
  author = {Nur'Aishah Ahmad Shahrim and Nada Mahmoud Abounahia and Aya Mohammed Ahmed El-Sayed and Haleema Saleem and Syed Javaid Zaidi},
  title = {An overview on the progress in produced water desalination by membrane-based technology},
  journal = {Journal of Water Process Engineering},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {103479},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103479}
}
Tomaszewska, B. and Bodzek, M. Desalination of geothermal waters using a hybrid UF-RO process. Part II: Membrane scaling after pilot-scale tests 2013 Desalination
Vol. 319, pp. 107-114 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Tomaszewska2013,
  author = {Barbara Tomaszewska and Michał Bodzek},
  title = {Desalination of geothermal waters using a hybrid UF-RO process. Part II: Membrane scaling after pilot-scale tests},
  journal = {Desalination},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {319},
  pages = {107--114},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.01.030}
}
Abba, S., Benaafi, M. and Aljundi, I.H. Intelligent process optimisation based on cutting-edge emotional learning for performance evaluation of NF/RO of seawater desalination plant 2023 Desalination
Vol. 550, pp. 116376 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Abba2023,
  author = {S.I. Abba and Mohammed Benaafi and Isam H. Aljundi},
  title = {Intelligent process optimisation based on cutting-edge emotional learning for performance evaluation of NF/RO of seawater desalination plant},
  journal = {Desalination},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {550},
  pages = {116376},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2023.116376}
}
Nayar, K.G. and John H. Lienhard, V Brackish water desalination for greenhouse agriculture: Comparing the costs of RO, CCRO, EDR, and monovalent-selective EDR 2020 Desalination
Vol. 475, pp. 114188 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Nayar2020,
  author = {Kishor G. Nayar and John H. Lienhard V},
  title = {Brackish water desalination for greenhouse agriculture: Comparing the costs of RO, CCRO, EDR, and monovalent-selective EDR},
  journal = {Desalination},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {475},
  pages = {114188},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.114188}
}
Krantz, W.B. and Chong, T.H. Centrifugal reverse osmosis (CRO) - a novel energy-efficient membrane process for desalination near local thermodynamic equilibrium 2021 Journal of Membrane Science
Vol. 637, pp. 119630 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Krantz2021,
  author = {William B. Krantz and Tzyy Haur Chong},
  title = {Centrifugal reverse osmosis (CRO) - a novel energy-efficient membrane process for desalination near local thermodynamic equilibrium},
  journal = {Journal of Membrane Science},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {637},
  pages = {119630},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119630}
}